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Friday 6 November 2015

Is Stephen Hawking Right About Hostile Aliens?

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E.T. was the perfect extraterrestrial: Cute, smart and — best of all — a perfect pacifist.
Unfortunately, scientists aren't so sure that an actual intelligent alien would be so benign. In a recent interview with El País, famed physicist Stephen Hawkingposited that an alien visitation would put Earthlings in the same position as Native Americans when Columbus landed on their shores.
"Such advanced aliens would perhaps become nomads, looking to conquer and colonize whatever planets they can reach," Hawking speculated. [7 Huge Misconceptions About Aliens]

The likelihood that intelligent life is out there is up for debate; less discussed are the conditions necessary to evolve a life-form that's both smart and nice. But the lessons from Earth suggest that intelligence and aggression might evolve hand-in-hand.
Evolving smarts
No one really knows how humans got to be so clever. What's clear is that hominin brains began expanding wildly about 2 million years ago. (Hominins include those species after the human lineage — the genusHomo — split from the chimpanzee lineage.) By around 100,000 years ago, humans made the never-before-seen leap to inventing language. And by at least 40,000 years ago, our ancestors were making art.
"We have brains that are three times bigger than those of our closest relatives," said Mark Flinn, an anthropologist at the University of Missouri who has researched the emergence of human intelligence. Humans have unprecedented abilities to think about each other's thoughts and motivations, he said, to play out social scenarios in their brains and to think about the past and future.
"The general presumption is that this is just sort of a natural outcome of the evolutionary process, but that's really giving short shrift to the very special circumstances of human evolution," Flinn said.
Huge brains are expensive. They take an enormous number of calories to grow and function (up to 50 percent of intake in infancy and childhood, Flinn said) and make humans basically helpless for years after birth.
"Our babies are born as larvae, basically," said David Carrier, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Utah.
Many anthropologists and evolutionary biologists have tried to pinpoint the special circumstances that make these huge brains worth the expense. Charles Darwin suggested that perhaps males developed cleverness to attract females, much as a male peacock developed showy tail feathers to prove to potential mates that he could strut his stuff. But if brains were just for sexual display, scientists would expect to see big differences between male and female intelligence — females, not having to attract mates, shouldn't waste so much effort on their brains, much as peahens don't waste effort on growing shiny feathers (theirs are dull and brown). And female humans are just as smart as males.
Social pressure
Would smart aliens have energy-intensive brains? Hard to say — perhaps E.T. could evolve a more efficient, yet just as clever, organ. Butif aliens were sending signals into space or building rockets, they'd have to have achieved an intelligence that far exceeds what is needed to survive. [13 Ways to Hunt for Intelligent Aliens]
Humans have done the same, and researchers can't quite figure out why. The brain could have evolved to allow humans to use tools, but chimpanzees use tools without developing complex languages, art and culture. One provocative theory holds that pathogens play a role: The brain is vulnerable to infection, wrote Hungarian researcher Lajos Rózsa in a 2008 article in the journal Medical Hypotheses. Showing off one's cleverness may be a way of showing off how resistant one is to infection. After all, if you're smart enough to invent language and art, you must be pretty good at battling brain parasites.
So perhaps intelligent aliens might be subject to alien parasites. Flinn and his colleagues favor another theory, though. They argue that humanity underwent a runaway cycle of brain evolution because of hominins' social nature.
The ecological dominance-social competition hypothesis works like this: Human ancestors reached a point in which their interactions with one another were the most important factor in whether they'd survive and pass on their genes. Finding food and shelter was still important, Flinn said, but it wasn't the main factor determining evolutionary success. The difference between clever humans and, say, caribou, is that intraspecies relationships drove evolution the fastest in humans, Flinn said. A herd of caribou has social interactions, to be sure: Males have to fight for mates, for example. But a more pressing concern would be avoiding predators and finding food. For hominins, these external issues became relatively less important, the theory goes, while their ability to form coalitions, to have empathy and to behave in such a way as to win friendships from others became key to their survival. [10 Things That Make Humans Special]
In this heavily social context, it became very important to be smarter than the competition. Each generation got a little smarter and a little better at building complex social relationships, which created a feedback loop in which even smarter brains were beneficial.
"The thing about social competition is it's a dynamic challenge and it's also creative," Flinn said. "You need to have the better mousetrap every time. The competition adjusts to the current winning model, so you need to be one better than the current winning strategy."
The model seems to work with other clever animals, too, he added. Dolphins, orcas and chimps all form social coalitions with each other and depend on their social groups to survive. It's possible that this social factor would hold for species on other planets, too.
The evolution of aggression
A key part of this theory is competition. Chimps form coalitions that battle against other chimps. And humans are far from peaceful. So if an alien species were to evolve intelligence, would aggression be an inevitable part of the package?
Perhaps. The evolution of aggression is a question unto itself. Fights to the death occur only in species where the options are mate or die, Carrier said. [Fight, Fight, Fight: The History of Human Aggression]
"If you can walk away from a fight and reproduce another day, you do that," he said. "But if circumstances are such that your ability to reproduce is threatened by a competitor, in that situation it makes sense to fight."
Environmental factors may determine whether a mate-or-die system emerges. For example, chimpanzees are a particularly homicidal (chimpacidal?) species, Carrier said. Work by primatologist Richard Wrangham at Harvard University and colleagues finds that chimp "wars" arise from a chimpanzee's territorialism. Small groups of foraging chimps may come into contact with other chimpanzees; killing these competitors (particularly when the foragers have numbers on their side) can be beneficial by opening up access to more resources.
Deadly male-male competition is less of a way of life for bonobos, humankind's other closest primate ancestor. Male bonobos stick by their mothers and the species is less territorial than chimpanzees. Bonobo foraging groups are also larger, perhaps because their food sources are more abundant, studies have found. Would aliens act more like bonobos or chimps? Hard to say. Researchers are even split on whether humans are more inherently aggressive or inherently peaceful.
A controversial theory holds that aggression was a driving force in human evolution. The "Killer Ape" hypothesis argues that the human ancestors who thrived were those better adapted for fighting. For example, Carrier said, modern humans can form fists, which our closest primate relatives cannot. This particular hand configuration may have evolved primarily for better manual dexterity — but it also could have come in handy as a club. Likewise, when human ancestors started walking on two legs, their face bones also evolved to be stronger and less delicate. This could be due to diet, Carrier said, but male face bones are more robust than female face bones, a sign that male-male competition could be at play. In other words, thick facial bones could be a defense against the fist, a weapon that would have become available once human ancestors became bipedal.
Kind aliens
If intelligence evolves in the context of social competition, and aggression is the natural outcome of competition, it's hard to imagine that clever aliens could also be kind. Is this the end for hopes of sweet little E.T.?
Maybe not. The social competition model doesn't work without cooperation, after all. Humans fight, wage war and sometimes murder each other. But humans also form coalitions, care for each other and even build coalitions of coalitions, such as nation-states.
"There are two sides to our nature," Carrier said. "It's not that one is any more real than the other. It's just who we are."
Humans are unique among Earth life in forming long-lasting alliances between groups, not just individuals, Flinn said. Chimpanzees can't pull that off, he said, so it's not clear that aliens could, either.
"On Planet X, it may not be inevitable that social competition results in a morality and a creativity of the sort that allows these intelligent life-forms to negotiate with us for a mutually beneficial outcome," Flinn said.
On the other hand, chimpanzees don't explore space. Perhaps a civilization that can band together to reach for the stars has to be cooperative by definition. If that's the case, humanity might be a greater threat to aliens than aliens are to humanity. Luckily, evolution has given humans the tools for peace.
"We can, in effect, rise above the design, potentially," Flinn said. "If we understand what our brains are designed to do, we are going to be way more capable of rising above those tendencies that we have."

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بڑے ہیں تو بڑے بن کر دکھائی




ایک میری ذاتی رائے ہے‘ یہ ایک مسلمان پنجابی پاکستانی کی رائے ہے اور اس رائے کے مطابق عمران خان کی شادی اور طلاق دونوں نجی معاملات ہیں اور کسی شخص کو ان نجی معاملات پر بات کا حق حاصل نہیں اور میں بطور پاکستانی شہری کبھی اس ”بے شرمی“ اور ”بے اوقاتی“ کا مظاہرہ نہیں کروں گا لیکن میری دوسری رائے ایک پروفیشنل صحافی کی رائے ہے اور صحافت ہر اس خبر کو خبر سمجھتی ہے جس میں کوئی گمنام شخص کتے کو کاٹ لے یا پھر کتا کسی اہم اور نامور شخص پر جھپٹ پڑے‘ ہمارے ملک میں روزانہ دس ہزار شادیاں ہوتی ہیں‘ ملک میں روز ہزار بارہ سو طلاقیں بھی ہوتی ہوں گی لیکن یہ طلاقیں خبر بنتی ہیں اور نہ ہی شادیاں‘ کیوں؟ کیونکہ یہ تمام طلاقیں عام لوگوں کی طلاقیں اور تمام شادیاں عام لوگوں کی شادیاں ہوتی ہیں لیکن جب کرکٹر شعیب ملک بھارتی ٹینس سٹار ثانیہ مرزا کے ساتھ شادی کرتا ہے تو یہ شادی ہفتوں پاکستان اور بھارت کے میڈیا پر چھائی رہتی ہے‘ آپ لاہور میں ان کے ولیمے کی کوریج نکال کر دیکھ لیجئے‘ اس دن ٹیلی ویژن چینلز نے کوئی دوسری خبر نشر نہیں کی تھی‘ آج بھی صحافی شعیب ملک اور ثانیہ مرزا سے ان کی ازدواجی زندگی کے بارے میں سوال کرتے ہیں‘ یہ سوال کیوں پوچھے جاتے ہیں اور اس شادی کو اتنی کوریج کیوں ملی؟ جواب واضح ہے‘ یہ دونوں ”سیلی بریٹی“ ہیں اور سیلی بریٹیز کا ناخن ٹوٹ جائے یا پھر یہ ناخن لگوا لیں‘ یہ خبر ہوتی ہے اور میڈیا ہمیشہ اپنا یہ حق استعمال کرتا ہے‘ عمران خان ثانیہ مرزا اور شعیب ملک سے بڑے سٹار ہیں چنانچہ ان کی شادی بھی خبر تھی اور طلاق بھی اور یہ خبر کئی برسوں تک خبر رہے گی‘ عمران خان اب اس طلاق کو جتنا چاہیں نجی معاملہ قرار دے لیں مگر ریحام بی بی اسے مرتے دم تک خبر بنائے رکھے گی‘ کیوں؟ کیونکہ ریحام خان عمران خان کی زندگی میں آنے والی باقی خواتین سے مختلف عورت ہے‘ ماضی کی تمام عورتیں گم نام اور رئیس تھیں چنانچہ وہ جس طرح چپ چاپ آئیں‘ اسی طرح خاموشی کے ساتھ واپس چلی گئیں لیکن ریحام تین بچوں کی ماں‘ طلاق یافتہ اور غریب خاتون تھی‘ یہ جرا ¿ت مند بھی ہے‘ اس نے پشتون ہونے کے باوجود پہلے خاوند سے طلاق لی‘ برطانیہ میں کام کر کے بچے پالے اور مردانہ وار زندگی گزاری‘ یہ میڈیا کی طاقت سے بھی واقف ہے‘ اس نے برطانوی میڈیا میں بھی کام کیا اور یہ پاکستانی میڈیا میں بھی اینکر رہی اور سیانے کہتے ہیں‘ ایسی عورت سے لڑنے والے ہمیشہ نقصان میں رہتے ہیں‘ ریحام طلاق کی اس سٹوری کی صحافتی اہمیت سے پوری طرح واقف ہے چنانچہ یہ اب اپنے انٹرویوز بھی لاکھوں پاﺅنڈز میں بیچے گی اور اپنی آپ بیتی‘ اپنی کتاب کے بھی ملینز آف پاﺅنڈز وصول کرے گی‘ یہ غریب خاتون ہے‘ اس کا واحد اثاثہ عمران خان کے ساتھ گزارے ہوئے دس ماہ ہیں اور یہ اب خود کو اس اثاثے سے محروم نہیں ہونے دے گی لہٰذا مستقبل میں بھی بے شمار مواقع آئیں گے جب عمران خان سے بے اوقات لوگ بے شرم سوال پوچھیں گے اور خان صاحب کو ابھی سے ان کی تیاری کر لینی چاہیے۔
عمران خان سے اس معاملے میں دو بڑی غلطیاں ہوئیں‘ یہ اگر اپنی شادی اور طلاق کو نجی معاملہ سمجھتے ہیں تو پھر انہیں اس معاملے کو نجی رکھنا چاہیے تھا‘ آپ کو کس نے کہا تھا‘ آپ میڈیا میں آکر اپنی شادی کا اعلان کریں‘ آپ باقاعدہ فوٹو شوٹ کرائیں اور پھر نکاح سے لے کر لان میں ٹہلنے تک کی تصویریں میڈیا کو جاری کریں‘ آپ کو کس نے کہا تھا‘ آپ سوشل میڈیا کے ذریعے اپنی اہلیہ کی سیاسی حدودو قیود طے کریں‘ آپ پوری دنیا کو بتائیں‘ ریحام خان پارٹی تقریبات میں جائیں گی نہ پروٹوکول ملے گا اورنہ پارٹی میں کوئی عہدہ دیا جائے گا اور آپ کو کس نے کہا تھا‘ آپ ٹویٹر پر اپنی طلاق کی اناﺅنسمنٹ کریں‘ میڈیا کو تو آپ خود اپنے نجی معاملے میں گھسیٹ کر لائے ہیں اور میڈیا جب کسی کے نجی معاملے میں آ جائے تو پھر یہ بے شرم اور بے اوقات قسم کے سوال بھی پوچھتا ہے اور یہ وہ سوال ہوتے ہیں جو ثابت کرتے ہیں‘ ایک سٹار کتنا بڑا سٹار اور ایک لیڈر کتنا بڑا لیڈر ہے؟ آپ کو سرونسٹن چرچل کا وہ واقعہ یاد ہوگا جس میں ایک خاتون نے سینکڑوں لوگوں کی موجودگی میں کہہ دیا تھا‘ میں اگر تمہاری بیوی ہوتی تو میں تمہاری کافی میں زہر ملا دیتی‘ یہ ایک بے اوقات عورت کا بے شرم فقرہ تھا لیکن چرچل نے اس فقرے کو لیڈرشپ کا عظیم کلیہ بنا دیا‘ چرچل نے یہ فقرہ سنا‘ قہقہہ لگایا اور جواب دیا ” میں اگر تمہارا خاوند ہوتا تو میں واقعی کافی کا وہ کپ پی جاتا“ لیڈر اس طرح ”بی ہیو“ کرتے ہیں‘ یہ سوال کرنے والوں کو ”تمہیں شرم آنی چاہیے اور تم نے یہ سوال کر کے اپنی اوقات بتا دی“ جیسے جواب نہیں دیا کرتے‘ میں دل سے سمجھتا ہوں رپورٹر کو وہ سوال نہیں کرنا چاہیے تھا‘ وہ سوال فضول تھا لیکن عمران خان کے رد عمل نے اس فضول سوال کو عمران خان‘ سیاست اور میڈیا کی تاریخ کا اہم ترین واقعہ بنا دیا چنانچہ میں اس میں رپورٹر کو کم اور عمران خان کو زیادہ قصوروار سمجھتا ہوں‘ عمران خان کی دوسری بڑی غلطی میڈیا ہینڈلنگ ہے‘ عمران خان چالیس سال سے پبلک فگر ہیں‘ یہ 20 سال سے سیاست میں بھی ہیں لیکن یہ بدقسمتی سے آج تک میڈیا کو نہیں سمجھ سکے‘ میڈیا کبھی کسی کا دوست یا دشمن نہیں ہوتا‘ یہ واقعہ سے واقعہ تک کام کرتا ہے‘ آپ اگر واقعہ تخلیق کرلیں تو پوری دنیا کا میڈیا آپ کے دروازے پر کھڑا ہو جائے گا اور اگر واقعہ نہ ہو تو آپ کا اپنا اخبار‘ اپنا ٹیلی ویژن چینل بھی آپ کی خبر نشر نہیں کرتا‘ آپ 2002ءکو یاد کیجئے‘ اس سال دنیا کے جتنے صحافی پاکستان آئے‘ اتنے ملک کی مجموعی تاریخ میں نہیں آئے‘ اس دور میں اسلام آباد کے ہوٹلوں اور گیسٹ ہاﺅسز میں کمرے اور کرائے پر گاڑیاں نہیں ملتی تھیں‘ کیوں؟ کیونکہ امریکا نے نائین الیون کے بعد افغانستان پر حملے کا فیصلہ کر لیا تھا اور دنیا کا کوئی میڈیا گروپ اس واقعے سے صرف نظر نہیں کر سکتا تھا چنانچہ ہم نے ان صحافیوں کو بھی اسلام آباد میں دیکھا جن کا نام ہم نے صرف کتابوں میں پڑھا تھا‘ آپ اگر آج ان میں سے کسی صحافی کو پاکستان لانا چاہیں تو شاید آپ ان کے تمام اخراجات برداشت کرنے کے باوجود کامیاب نہ ہو سکیں‘ کیوں؟ کیونکہ یہاں بین الاقوامی نوعیت کا کوئی واقعہ پیش نہیں آ رہا‘ واقعہ صحافت کا ایندھن ہوتا ہے‘ آپ آج کوئی مثبت واقعہ تخلیق کریں‘ یقین کریں‘ وہ صحافی بھی آپ کی حمایت میں لکھیں اور بولیں گے جن کے بارے میں آپ کا خیال ہے یہ قبر تک آپ سے راضی نہیں ہو سکتے اور آپ آج دہشت گردوں‘ اسرائیل اور شراب کی حمایت میں بیان دیں‘ وہ صحافی بھی آپ کی مخالفت کریں گے جو آپ کو روز فقرے رٹاتے ہیں اور کنٹینر سے لائیو پروگرام کرتے تھے لیکن بدقسمتی سے عمران خان میڈیا کی اس حقیقت سے واقف نہیں ہیں‘ یہ میڈیا کو دوست اور دشمن دو خانوں میں تقسیم کرتے ہیں‘ یہ اسے ” آپ میرے ساتھ ہیں یا پھر میرے دشمن ہیں“ سمجھتے ہیں اور یہ وہ غلط فہمی ہے جس کے سبب یہ سیدھے اور عام سے سوال کو بے شرمی‘ بے اوقاتی‘ فاشزم اور لفافہ صحافت سمجھ بیٹھتے ہیں‘ یہ آج تک اس حقیقت کو بھی نہیں سمجھ سکے کہ ساکھ صحافی کی عصمت ہوتی ہے اور جینوئن اور سمجھ دار صحافی جان دے دے گا لیکن اپنی عصمت یعنی ساکھ پر آنچ نہیں آنے دے گا اور یہ بھی ذہن میں رکھیں‘ دنیا میں اگر کوئی ناسمجھ‘ لالچی اور بے ایمان شخص صحافی بن جائے تو اس کا کیریئر زیادہ لمبا نہیں ہوتا کیونکہ صحافت جرا ¿ت‘ غیر جانبداری اور ایمانداری کے بغیر ممکن ہی نہیں ہوتی جبکہ آپ جب چاہتے ہیں اور جسے چاہتے ہیں بے ایمان‘ بے شرم اور بے اوقات قرار دے دیتے ہیں‘ آپ کی یہ عادت ثابت کرتی ہے‘ آپ ابھی تک میڈیا کو نہیں سمجھے۔
میڈیا کی بے شمار دلچسپ رویات میں سے ایک روایت ”نوکمنٹس“ بھی ہے‘ آپ کسی صحافی کے کسی سوال کا جواب نہیں دینا چاہتے تو آپ مسکرا کر نوکمنٹس یا ”میں اس سوال کا جواب نہیں دینا چاہتا“ کہیں تو بات ختم ہو جاتی ہے‘ وہ صحافی دوبارہ وہ سوال نہیں پوچھتا اور اگر پوچھ لے تو صحافتی برادری اس کی ٹھیک ٹھاک چھترول کرتی ہے‘ عمران خان کوتین نومبر کو بھی اپنا یہ استحقاق استعمال کرنا چاہیے تھا اور یہ مستقبل میں بھی صحافیوں کو بے شرمی اور بکاﺅ کی گالی دینے کی بجائے اپنا نوکمنٹس کا حق استعمال کریں‘ یہ ہر قسم کی پریشانی سے بچ جائیں گے‘ میڈیا عمران خان کی پارٹی سے بڑی سپورٹ ہے‘ یہ اس وقت بھی عمران خان کو میاں نواز شریف اور بے نظیر بھٹو سے زیادہ اہمیت دیتا تھا جب خان صاحب کی پارٹی پارٹی نہیں تھی اور یہ اب بھی انہیں ملک کے تمام لیڈروں سے زیادہ امپارٹینس دیتا ہے‘ آپ اس کی توہین کر کے اپنی بڑی سپورٹ سے محروم ہو جائیں گے‘ آپ کے دوست‘ آپ کے ساتھی ”چڑیاں دا چمبا“ ہیں‘ یہ جس طرح آئے ہیں‘ یہ اسی طرح واپس چلے جائیں گے‘ ان میں سے ہر شخص کے پروفائل میں آنے اور جانے کے علاوہ کچھ نہیں ہے‘ یہ بے شرم اور بے اوقات میڈیا ہے جو کل اس وقت بھی آپ کے ساتھ تھا جب ان میں سے کوئی شخص آپ کے ساتھ نہیں تھا اور یہ کل اس وقت بھی اپنے کیمروں‘ مائیک اور کاپیوں کے ساتھ آپ کے پیچھے کھڑا ہو گا جب ان میں سے کوئی شخص آپ کے ساتھ نہیں ہوگا‘ غرور انسان کا سب سے بڑا دشمن ہوتا ہے اور میڈیا پر برسنا غرور کی خوفناک نشانی ہے‘ آپ اگر اس سے بچ گئے تو آپ بچ جائیں گے ورنہ تاریخ مغرور لوگوں کا بہت بڑا قبرستان ہے۔
آپ کبھی کبھار قائداعظم محمد علی جناح کی حیات کا مطالعہ بھی کر لیا کریں‘ قائداعظم نے 19 اپریل 1918ءمیں ایک پارسی خاتون رتن بائی سے شادی کی‘ خاتون نے شادی سے قبل اسلام قبول کیا لیکن اس کے باوجود شادی بہت متنازعہ ہوئی‘ علماءہند نے قائداعظم کو کافراعظم تک کہا‘ قائداعظم جہاں جاتے تھے‘ ہندو‘ انگریز اور کٹڑ مسلمان صحافی ان سے یہ سوال ضرور پوچھتے تھے‘ قائداعظم اور رتن بائی کے درمیان علیحدگی ہو گئی‘ یہ قائداعظم کی زندگی کا پہلا بڑا جذباتی حادثہ تھا‘ دوسرا حادثہ ان کی واحد اولاد دینا کی ان سے علیحدگی تھی‘ لوگوں نے اس علیحدگی پر تبصرہ کیا تھا ”جو اپنا گھر نہیں بنا سکا‘ وہ ملک کیا بنائے گا“ لیکن قائداعظم نے کسی کو بے شرم اور بے اوقات بھی نہیں کہا اور ملک بھی بنایا‘ آپ بھی بے شرم اور بے اوقات کی گالی دیئے بغیر پرانے پاکستان کو نیا پاکستان بنا سکتے ہیں‘ بس آپ کو اپنے اندر قائداعظم جتنا حوصلہ پیدا کرنا ہوگا‘ آپ بڑے ہیں تو بڑے بن کر بھی دکھائیے‘ چھوٹی باتیں انسان کو چھوٹا کر دیتی ہیں خان صاحب!


Article sorce: javed ch.

UFOs Near Delhi Airport Puts India Military On High Alert

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UFOs Near Delhi Airport Puts India Military On High Alert

Indian air force is authorized to shoot down any suspicious object.




Normally, only regular air traffic is allowed to fly in and out of and around major airports. But, lately, something else -- something irregular -- has shown up at Delhi's Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport (pictured above), putting several official security agencies on "high alert."
On Oct. 30, IGI air traffic control (ATC) viewed suspicious flying objects three times near and around the airport, reports hindustantimes.com.
According to the newspaper, "Sources said the Indian Air Force even pressed a chopper into action to check the flying object. But the helicopter could not find anything."
The following map shows the proximity of IGI Airport to the capital city region of Delhi, India. 


Are There Signals Coming from Deep Space?

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Are There Signals Coming from Deep Space?




The star KIC 8462852 may have an unpronounceable name, but just about everyone with an interest in aliens has been talking about it. As of today, they can elaborate their discourse with some new results.
The conversations started about three weeks ago, when a paper written by a small battalion of astronomers pointed out that this star - an imposing 1400 light-years from where you're sitting - occasionally dips its headlights. Every few weeks or months, it will blink, temporarily dimming to as little as 80 percent of its normal brightness. There is no indication (and little likelihood) that this bizarre behavior is caused by planets orbiting the star. Even Jupiter-size worlds would only block about one percent of the star's light.
So what is going on? The astronomers who discovered this strange behavior considered several possible explanations for the dimming. Their favorite was the presence of cometary debris in orbit around the star - an idea they liked, but didn't love.
However others - and especially the press - were jumping on another, sexier bandwagon. The occasional dimming of KIC 8462852 might be due to "megastructures" - giant astroengineering projects that aliens had undertaken in their solar system. These could be space habitats or phalanxes of orbiting solar energy collectors (so-called Dyson swarms, named after the physicist who popularized the idea). They might even be giant, opaque "cut outs" whose blockage of starlight would be a beacon to other worlds, indicating that KIC 8462852 was an oasis of intelligence in the galactic desert.
All nice ideas. Exciting ideas. But how would you prove any of them?
One straightforward approach would be to search for radio signals coming from KIC 8462852. Not naturally produced radio signals, but rather the kind that would indicate the presence of broadcast-savvy extraterrestrials.
Consequently, the SETI Institute immediately swung the antennas of its Allen Telescope Array in this star's direction, and for two weeks has been searching for transmissions that would tell us someone is home. The Array was tuned to frequencies from 1 to 10 gigaherz, which is way, way higher than those covered by your radio or TV. But this microwave part of the dial makes a lot of sense for interstellar broadcasting for reasons that you can look up, should you be technically obsessed.
The Institute team actually looked for two different types of signals: The first would be extremely narrow-band transmissions - which is to say, signals that would be at only one, very constricted spot on the dial. That's the kind of broadcast that would work best as a "hailing channel" because it concentrates all of the transmitter's energy into a tiny slice of the radio spectrum. In that sense, it's akin to a laser pointer, which can be intensely bright despite being low power - all the energy goes into a very specific color.
The second type of data analysis looked for much broader transmissions. The idea is that if KIC 8462852 is really home turf to some clever aliens who've moved from infrastructure to megastructure, then there might be fleets of transport rockets servicing this construction. A good way to propel these rockets would be with intense microwave radio beams - and they would produce a broad-band signal that the Allen Telescope Array might pick up.
So that's what we've looked for. But we didn't find either type of signal.
What does that mean? It might be that we missed out because our measures were not sensitive enough. Even if the putative inhabitants of KIC 8462852 were deliberately sending a narrow-band hailing signal, their transmitter would need to be a 100 thousand-trillion watt beast for us to hear it. This star system is very far away, remember.
The required power is obviously high if the signal is broadcast equally in all directions. But on the other hand, if the aliens had some inclination to target their broadcast in our direction, the required transmitter power would be enormously lower. And as a final point, it's worth noting that any society able to build a Dyson swarm has mega-oodles of energy available - more than enough to power the mother of all transmitters.
So yes, it's still possible that the odd behavior of this star might indeed be due to large-scale public works projects by aliens. But given the results of this first search, I think the smart money should go elsewhere. Hundreds of years of astronomical study has taught us something important: Every time we've turned our telescopes to the heavens and found mysterious phenomena, there were folks who immediately assumed we had uncovered evidence of cosmic companions. But each time, the truth turned out to be less exotic: we had discovered some previously unknown natural phenomenon (or, in the case of the Martian canals, no phenomenon at all).
So while it's nice to hope for megastructures, don't bet the family farm on it.
Article Source: www.huffingtonpost.com

No, A Study Did NOT Find That Your Cat Wants To Kill You

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No, A Study Did NOT Find That Your Cat Wants To Kill You

Read the research before you believe the headlines.


A lot of headlines out there this week suggest that a recent study found your cat wants to kill you.
Luckily for anyone whose feline companion has access to weapons, those headlines are blatantly untrue.
The study, led by University of Edinburgh researchers, compares the personalities of domestic cats with those of Scottish wildcats, clouded leopards, snow leopards and African lions, based on assessments made by cat caretakers and zookeepers. It was published in the Journal of Comparative Psychology last year. Not even lead researcher Marieke Gartner knows why it exploded in the media this week.
What she does know is that a lot of news outlets have gotten her study wrong.
For one thing, she did not find anything indicating that domestic cats want to kill humans. 
"My research did not suggest this -- in fact, it's completely unrelated," she told The Huffington Post in an email. "I don't know why people would say that."
But that's not all journalists got wrong. Article after article claims that across the board, both domestic cats and lions have prominent personality traits of "neuroticism," "impulsivity" and "dominance." But this is a misunderstanding of the study, Gartner said. 
The misconception occurred because Gartner referred to those three traits as the “personality factors” present in cats and lions. But what that means is that one way to assess the feline’s personality is to place the cat on a spectrum of not very neurotic to very neurotic, or not very impulsive to very impulsive.
"In humans, personality is described by five personality factors: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism," Gartner wrote. "There is a difference between factors and traits -- so no, the most prominent personality traits [in cats and lions] are not dominance, impulsivity, and neuroticism. These are the three personality factors that describe each species -- but each individual will range along the spectrum of traits that make up each of the personality factors."
Mikel Delgado, certified cat behavior consultant and Ph.D. candidate in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley has some ideas about why people love to attribute murderous motives to cats. 
"They don't have as many facial muscles [as dogs]," she told HuffPost. "Their face is harder to interpret. People do seem to wonder, 'What's my cat thinking?'"
Cats just aren't as big or as potentially dangerous as many dogs, so imagining them wanting to off us isn't really threatening.
"We almost find it humorous that cats want to kill us, or hate us or we're their slaves," Delgado said. Plus, she noted, people have coexisted with cats for millennia. 
"If they really wanted to kill us," she asked, "don’t you think it would have happened?"
Contact the author at Hilary.Hanson@huffingtonpost.com

13 Eerie Facts About Yajuj And Majuj That Will Make You Shudder

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13 Eerie Facts About Yajuj And Majuj That Will Make You Shudder


When we talk about the signs of Qiyamat, there are numerous things that come to mind. The most common ones are the Dajjal (the anti-christ) and Yajuj and Majuj (Gog and Magog). We have been told as children that the coming of these people will be near the end, just before Doomsday and the final trumpet, and that a great battle will ensue and the victor will be Hazrat Isa.
The question I ask today is do you know the entire story about the Yajuj and Majuj? Are you aware of the details that are stated in the Quran and Ahadith?
So, today we would like to share with you what we found.

1. The Yajuj and Majuj will come after the arrival of the Dajjal.



2. They are mentioned in the Quran as well as Ahadith.



3. They are the descendants of the Prophet Nuh and will be many in number.



4. They will arrive just before the day of judgement from behind a great barrier.




5. The barrier that holds the Yajuj and Majuj is said to be created by iron and copper.




6. During the time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), a man came to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) saying he had seen the dam of the Yajuj and Majuj




7. When the man was asked to describe it, he said it was like “striped garments, with red and black stripes”.




8. They will dig every day the Yajuj and Majuj until they see a ray of the sun. Each day it will fill up until the appointed time comes when Allah (SWT) will let them free




9. Hazrat Isa will defeat the Dajjal – at that time he will be told that the Yajuj and Majuj are free




10. They will pass the Lake of Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) drinking all the water they pass.




11. They will besiege Hazrat Isa and his companions on Mount of Toor.




12. Hazrat Isa and his companions will pray to Allah (SWT) – and the Almighty will send death to the Yajuj and Majuj.




13. The end of the Yajuj and Majuj will bring forth other signs of the end of days, just before the final Trumpet is to be blown.




Artical Source: shughal

Thursday 5 November 2015

15 Things In Your Home That Have Secret Uses

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15 Things In Your Home That Have Secret Uses

I dunno about you kids, but I love a good life hack.
To find out that perfectly innocuous items in my home have a "secret talent" makes me stupidly happy. 
Here are some of my favorite life hacks to date. Brace yourselves, folks—and prepare to be amazed!
OK, look: I may be over-selling this, but honestly, these tips are pretty great and there are heaps I had never seen before. 
I've saved you the legwork of finding them. Enjoy! 

1. Chalk

Best friend of teachers around the globe, this plain little fellow is capable of so much more than educating bored children. 
Did you know it can remove rings from your collar, clean up a grease stain, polish your silverware, and mask the cracks in your wall? Click here to discover all that chalk is capable of!


2. Zip-top bags

Ahhh the re-sealable bag. One of my favorite household items!
I use these bad boys for just about everything: marinating meats, storing everything from art to crackers, and most importantly, making cookie packs for friends (true story). 
Here are a whole bunch of cool uses that will make sure you never look at this bag the same way again. 

3. Wax paper

It's funny, I remember wax paper as something my Grandmother used to use when she was baking. 
Turns out, this old-fashioned baking-aid is a bit of a miracle worker, as it can unsnag a stuck zipper, line your fridge shelves to prevent mess, and it can even make your taps super shiny!
GO WAX PAPER!

4. Vinegar

I am sure you all know what a versatile cleaner vinegar is. From washing fruit and veg to shining your tiles, you can use vinegar to clean just about anything—but did you know it can remove rust? Clean up spilled candle wax? Get rid of just about any bad smell? Fight insects in the garden? Yeah! Me neither!

5. Salt

It makes food taste better, right? Well, you're right—but it also has so many other uses. 
Saltworks maintains there are over 14,000 uses for salt. 
I dunno about that, but I do know that salt can clean your wicker furniture, refresh your dingy sponges, and make your coffee taste better. Nifty! 

6. Coffee filters

I cannot live without coffee, therefore I cannot live without coffee filters. 
Apart from keeping me alive in the mornings, these flimsy little guys are actually good for a myriad of uses. 
Try lining the bottom of your potted plant pots with one of these before potting your plant. The water can get out but the dirt cannot. Ingenious!

7. Petroleum jelly

Joey Green is onto something with his "wacky uses" app. 
Amongst his genius hacks is a section for petroleum jelly. 
Can you believe that you can use this stuff to lure trout as well as shine your shoes?
Well, color me happy because this stuff is the bomb!

8. Corn starch

I heart corn starch. As someone who loves baking and cooking, this miracle ingredient can make my cookies chewy and my gravies thick. But outside of the kitchen, corn starch might surprise you. 
It can help with bad sunburn, get rid of a multitude of stains, and even cure your athlete's foot!

9. Hand lotion

Good old hand lotion. We have at least 4 bottles of this stuff around our house. Surprisingly, most of it belongs to my husband (insert joke here). Seriously, he likes having soft hands, and who can blame him?
Apart from giving my hubby paws as soft as gelato on a warm day, it can also get rid of static in your clothes, be used instead of shaving cream, and tame your wispy hair. Awesome!

10. Hair dryer

My hair dryer is my best friend (along with my flat iron). I have thick and unruly hair and my blow dryer helps to make me look presentable. 
From now on I will also be using it to get price tags of things, add a gloss to my cupcakes and custom-fit my own glasses when they get loose. 

11. Dryer sheets

Behold the humble dryer sheet. Sure, it makes your clothes smell and feel amazing, but in a twist nobody could have predicted, it can also be used as a dusting cloth, for deodorising shoes, and making your vacuum cleaner work better. Sweet!

12. Duct Tape

People joke about duct tape and its many uses but it's funny because it's true!
From extending the life of your hockey sticks to replacing a roof shingle, duct tape's got your back!

13. Nail polish

Nail polish is one of my many vices. I have enough bottles of nail polish to paint all the finger and toe nails of the entire New York City Ballet crew for a decade (how much of a random statement is that?!). 
I was pleased to find out that in addition to making my nails look purdy, I could also use it to seal envelopes, remove any warts that may come up, and fix scratches on my car. Pretty AND practical. 

14. Rubber bands

The rubber band! I have find memories of making little "finger pistols" with these in high school. 
They sure are amusing, but they are also very practical. 
They can add grip to just about anything, be used as an eraser in a pinch, or even be used as a wine glass marker! The possibilities are endless!

15. Toothpaste

We all use toothpaste every day for its obvious purpose, but toothpaste, as it turns out, is a bit of a dark horse when it comes to multiple uses. 
From cleaning your leather to cleaning your jewelry, from de-fogging your glasses to hanging a poster, toothpaste is everything you have been searching for. 
Source: diply